Science

Science is the perception of the ways Nature works in the broad range from motion of an objects to the unique properties of organic matter within the terms and conditions available for observation, measurements and repetition of the events.

Since the interval of terms and conditions is available for mankind in a very narrow band width, the science is local and valid for the outer spheres of Planet Earth and its environment within the radius of reliable identification, sensing, observations and repeatable measurements.

THE LAWS OF GRAVITY

The Laws of Gravity were thought to be universal, and were applied to the whole universe. Satellite observations of the rings of Planet Saturn detected a kind of undulating motion of the constituting particles, which seems to defy the Laws of Gravity as we know them.

Building fact upon fact by logical reasoning on the premise of collective wisdom, the links of proven facts have joined into disciplines of science. The facts are landmarks, the connections are the most obvious ties at the state of specialist common sense. Science is therefore not absolute as opposed to facts. Science comes under review with progress and from time to time, or when fresh facts call for a review.

THE EVOLUTION OF CHEMISTRY

Chemistry originate from the Arab world. The collection of knowledge was termed Al Chemi in Arabic. The fragments, which survived and penetrated the European civilisation related essentially to the elements Lead and Mercury. The application of fragmented knowledge targeted at converting those elements to gold. The drive was based on the high density of led, similar to gold on one hand and, on the other hand, the mercury dissolves gold at room temperature. When the mercury is evaporated at relatively low temperature, the dissolved gold re-appears as a residue.

Working on the false premise was not useless. It revealed the significance of water and temperature in chemical reactions. Later work distinguished the compounds and elements, described their reactive properties, defined quantitative relationships, which constitute the foundation of modern chemistry.

The classics of Physics and Chemistry recognised the law of The Conservation of Mass and Energy. It states that changes take place without loss of matter and energy, the processes involved are reversible. Research in the nuclear era extended the Law to nuclear processes stating matter converts to energy without loss, implying energy can be converted to matter.

The global and universal time scales are immensely greater than human life span, or the history of civilisation for that matter. The evolution of Earth and Universe is therefore speculation over events aligned in logical order, gaps filled with assumptions.

Closer to home, the inners structure of Earth is not known with acceptable certainty. The inner structure of the planet is assumed on the behaviour of seismic waves.